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RabbitMQ 知识详解（Java版）

RabbitMQ 是一个开源的消息代理，实现了高级消息队列协议（AMQP）。它用于在分布式系统中实现应用解耦、异步通信和流量削峰。

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核心概念

1. 生产者(Producer)：发送消息的应用
2. 消费者(Consumer)：接收消息的应用
3. 队列(Queue)：消息存储的缓冲区
4. 交换机(Exchange)：接收消息并路由到队列
5. 绑定(Binding)：连接交换机和队列的规则
6. 路由键(Routing Key)：消息的路由标识

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交换机类型

类型	路由规则	典型用途
Direct	精确匹配Routing Key	点对点通信
Topic	模式匹配（支持通配符）	多条件路由
Fanout	广播到所有绑定队列	发布/订阅
Headers	消息头键值对匹配	复杂路由

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Java 示例（使用官方客户端）

依赖：

<dependency><groupId>com.rabbitmq</groupId><artifactId>amqp-client</artifactId><version>5.9.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency><groupId>org.slf4j</groupId><artifactId>slf4j-nop</artifactId><version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency>

示例1：基本发送/接收（点对点）

// 生产者
public class Producer {private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "hello";public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();factory.setHost("localhost");try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {// 创建队列（持久化/非持久化）channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);String message = "Hello RabbitMQ!";channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");}}
}

// 消费者
public class Consumer {private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "hello";public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();factory.setHost("localhost");Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages...");DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");};channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> { });}
}

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示例2：发布/订阅模式（Fanout交换机）

// 发布者
public class Publisher {private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();factory.setHost("localhost");try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {// 声明fanout类型交换机channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");String message = "Broadcast message!";channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes());System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");}}
}

// 订阅者
public class Subscriber {private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();factory.setHost("localhost");Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");// 创建临时队列String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages...");DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");};channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> { });}
}

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示例3：主题路由（Topic交换机）

// 生产者（主题发布）
public class TopicProducer {private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic_logs";public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();factory.setHost("localhost");try (Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel()) {// 声明topic类型交换机channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic");String routingKey = "order.error";String message = "Order processing error";channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, routingKey, null, message.getBytes());System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + routingKey + "':'" + message + "'");}}
}

// 消费者（主题订阅）
public class TopicConsumer {private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "topic_logs";public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();factory.setHost("localhost");Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "topic");String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();// 绑定多个路由键（使用通配符）channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "*.error");channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "order.*");System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages...");DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");String routingKey = delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey();System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + routingKey + "':'" + message + "'");};channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> { });}
}

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关键特性（Java实现）

1. 消息持久化

// 声明持久化队列
boolean durable = true;
channel.queueDeclare("task_queue", durable, false, false, null);// 发送持久化消息
channel.basicPublish("", "task_queue", MessageProperties.PERSISTENT_TEXT_PLAIN,message.getBytes());

2. 公平分发（Prefetch）

// 每次只分发一条消息
int prefetchCount = 1;
channel.basicQos(prefetchCount);

3. 消息确认（ACK）

// 消费者关闭自动ACK
boolean autoAck = false;
channel.basicConsume(queueName, autoAck, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {});// 处理完成后手动ACK
channel.basicAck(delivery.getEnvelope().getDeliveryTag(), false);

4. 持久化消费者

// 重启后自动恢复的消费者
Map<String, Object> args = new HashMap<>();
args.put("x-queue-type", "quorum");
channel.queueDeclare("persistent_queue", true, false, false, args);

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使用场景

1. 服务解耦：订单系统与库存系统分离
2. 异步处理：耗时操作（如邮件发送）
3. 流量削峰：突发请求缓冲（秒杀系统）
4. 分布式事务：最终一致性实现
5. 日志收集：多系统日志聚合

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最佳实践

1. 连接管理：使用连接池（如Spring AMQP的CachingConnectionFactory）
2. 异常处理：实现Consumer和Connection的监听器
3. 死信队列：处理失败消息
4. 集群部署：保证高可用性
5. 监控管理：使用RabbitMQ Management Plugin

提示：生产环境推荐使用Spring AMQP简化开发，它提供了RabbitTemplate和@RabbitListener等便捷工具。