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Linux 终端操作命令
也称Shell命令，是用户与操作系统内核进行交互的命令解释器，它接收用户输入的命令并将其传递给操作系统进行执行，可分为内部命令和外部命令。内部命令是Shell程序的一部分，而外部命令是独立于Shell的可执行程序。
内部命令
内部命令，实际上是shell程序的一部分，由shell程序识别并在shell程序内部完成运行，通常在Linux系统加载运行时shell就被加载并驻留在系统内存中。内部命令是写在bash源码里面的，因为解析内部命令shell不需要创建子进程，其执行速度比外部命令快。比如：alias， break， cd， echo， exit， pwd 等。
外部命令
外部命令是bash shell之外的程序，也并不是shell的一部分。外部命令位于/bin，/sbin， /usr/bin 或 /usr/sbin 等系统目录中。外部命令是Linux系统中的实用程序部分，因为实用程序的功能通常都比较强大，所以其包含的程序量也会很大，在系统加载时并不随系统一起被加载到内存中，而是在需要时才将其调用内存。通常外部命令的实体并不包含在shell中，但是其命令执行过程是由shell程序控制的。比如： awk， grep， ping，tar， vi 等。 除Linux系统自带的外部命令，通常需要安装对应的程序包才能使用，内部命令之外的所有可执行程序都可以被认作为外部命令。
内外部命令区别
内部命令在系统启动时就调入内存，是常驻内存的，所以执行效率高。
外部命令是系统的软件功能，用户需要时才从硬盘中读入内存，执行速度比内部命令慢。
内部命令列表
help命令可以列出所有内部命令：
hann@HannYang:~$ help
GNU bash, version 5.0.17(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list.
Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename]>
(( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMAN>
. filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]
: kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec .>
[ arg... ] let arg [arg ...]
[[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ...
alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n]
bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t>
bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u > popd [-n] [+N | -N]
break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments]
builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
caller [expr] pwd [-LP]
case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esa> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] >
cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [>
command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p
compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globp> return [n]
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A act> select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done
compopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...] set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...]
continue [n] shift [n]
coproc [NAME] command [redirections] shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] source filename [arguments]
dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] suspend [-f]
disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...] test [expr]
echo [-neE] [arg ...] time [-p] pipeline
enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] times
eval [arg ...] trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirecti> true
exit [n] type [-afptP] name [name ...]
export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
false ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]
fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [c> umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
fg [job_spec] unalias [-a] name [name ...]
for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables
getopts optstring name [arg] wait [-fn] [id ...]
hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
help [-dms] [pattern ...] { COMMANDS ; }
通过整理以上内容，得到 68 个命令、函数、变量以及控制指令：
| 1 | alias | alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] |
| 2 | bg | bg [job_spec ...] |
| 3 | bind | bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u > |
| 4 | break | break [n] |
| 5 | builtin | builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] |
| 6 | caller | caller [expr] |
| 7 | case | case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esa> |
| 8 | cd | cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] |
| 9 | command | command [-pVv] command [arg ...] |
| 10 | compgen | compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globp> |
| 11 | complete | complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [-o option] [-A act> |
| 12 | compopt | compopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...] |
| 13 | continue | continue [n] |
| 14 | coproc | coproc [NAME] command [redirections] |
| 15 | declare | declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] |
| 16 | dirs | dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] |
| 17 | disown | disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...] |
| 18 | echo | echo [-neE] [arg ...] |
| 19 | enable | enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] |
| 20 | eval | eval [arg ...] |
| 21 | exec | exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirecti> |
| 22 | exit | exit [n] |
| 23 | export | export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p |
| 24 | false | false |
| 25 | fc | fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [c> |
| 26 | fg | fg [job_spec] |
| 27 | for | for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done |
| 28 | function | function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } |
| 29 | getopts | getopts optstring name [arg] |
| 30 | hash | hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] |
| 31 | help | help [-dms] [pattern ...] |
| 32 | history | history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename]> |
| 33 | if | if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMAN> |
| 34 | jobs | jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args] |
| 35 | kill | kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec .> |
| 36 | let | let arg [arg ...] |
| 37 | local | local [option] name[=value] ... |
| 38 | logout | logout [n] |
| 39 | mapfile | mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t> |
| 40 | popd | popd [-n] [+N | -N] |
| 41 | printf | printf [-v var] format [arguments] |
| 42 | pushd | pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] |
| 43 | pwd | pwd [-LP] |
| 44 | read | read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] > |
| 45 | readarray | readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [> |
| 46 | readonly | readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p |
| 47 | return | return [n] |
| 48 | select | select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done |
| 49 | set | set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...] |
| 50 | shift | shift [n] |
| 51 | shopt | shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] |
| 52 | source | source filename [arguments] |
| 53 | suspend | suspend [-f] |
| 54 | test | test [expr] |
| 55 | time | time [-p] pipeline |
| 56 | times | times |
| 57 | trap | trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] |
| 58 | true | true |
| 59 | type | type [-afptP] name [name ...] |
| 60 | typeset | typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... |
| 61 | ulimit | ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit] |
| 62 | umask | umask [-p] [-S] [mode] |
| 63 | unalias | unalias [-a] name [name ...] |
| 64 | unset | unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...] |
| 65 | until | until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done |
| 66 | variables | variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables |
| 67 | wait | wait [-fn] [id ...] |
| 68 | while | while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done |
内部命令分类
自己动手分类吧，具体分类明天继续......